Kalmar Union, combination of the crowns of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, effected at Kalmar, Sweden, by Margaret I in 1397. Because all three crowns were elective, the union could not be maintained by inheritance. Margaret's successors controlled Sweden intermittently until Gustavus I of Sweden dissolved the union (1523). Norway became independent in 1814.

Kitakyushu, located in northern Kyushu, Japan, is a city that seamlessly combines industrial prowess with cultural and natural attractions. Formed from the merger of five cities in 1963, Kitakyushu has a strong industrial history, particularly in steel production, while also investing heavily in environmental sustainability and urban revitalization.

Important both historically and economically, the beachside city of La Serena is one of Chile's oldest post-Columbian cities. The region's silver, copper and agriculture were so important that the city had its own mint. Today, La Serena maintains a colonial air, although it is threatening Viña del Mar's supremacy as premier beach resort. Apart from a string of beautiful beaches, attractions include a handful of museums and a number of nearby quaint villages and vineyards.

Springfield is the capital of Illinois and a city closely associated with Abraham Lincoln, whose home, law practice, and political career were based there before he became president. Located in the central part of the state, Springfield sits amid the prairie landscape of the Sangamon River Valley.

Taif, situated in the mountains of western Saudi Arabia, is a city renowned for its cooler climate, lush landscapes, and historical significance. Nestled at an elevation of around 1,700 meters, it has long served as a summer retreat from the intense heat of the surrounding desert, attracting visitors to its gardens, orchards, and scenic viewpoints.